Pathological anatomy
doi: 10.25005/2074-0581-2019-21-4-590-596
ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC CHANGES IN THE CELLULAR AND EXTRACELLULAR STRUCTURES OF THE ADRENAL AND THYROID GLANDS DURING ACUTE HYPOXIA

S.M. Yagubova

Department of Pathological Anatomy, Azerbaijan Medical University, Baku, Azerbaijan

Objective: To study the morphofunctional features of ultrastructural changes in the cellular and extracellular structures of adrenal and thyroid glands during acute hypoxia.

Methods: During the study, thyroid and adrenal glands of adult male white rats with a mass of 180-200 grams divided into 2 groups were used. In the course of the study, anatomic, histological, electron microscopic and morphometric examination methods were implemented.

Results: Thus, in the comparative analysis of electron micrographs obtained from the ultrathin sections of both glands, cellular and extracellular acute dystrophic and destructive changes of adrenocytes of the adrenal gland induced by the acute hypoxia – separation of basal membranes into layers, edema of cells, hypertrophy as a compensatory reaction and vacuolation of organelles – observed at the early stage (second day) of the experiment, and on the 5th day of the experiment in thyrocytes and cytoplasmic organelles of the thyroid gland.

Conclusion: As a result of the study, it can be concluded that hypobaric hypoxia affects the morphofunctional state of the adrenal and thyroid glands as the main «stress» factor, causes cellular and extracellular structural changes in the glands. Because the resistance of the adrenal and thyroid glands to hypoxia, especially strong short-term hypoxic effects, is different, the cells (adrenocytes and thyrosites), vessels and connective tissue structures of the glands respond with varying degrees of damage and changes with different morphofunctional reactions. Dystrophic and destructive changes in the adrenal gland, especially on the ultrastructural level are more pronounced, as the adrenal gland is more and more exposed to the influence of endogenous and exogenous factors compared to the thyroid gland.

Keywords: Electron microscopy, thyroid gland, adrenal gland, acute hypoxia.

Download file:

References
  1. Akhundov RA. Gipoksiya i antigipoksanty [Hypoxia and antihypoxants]. Baku, Azerbaijan: Aspoligraph; 2010. 328 p.
  2. Zarechnova NN, Raytsen VA, Raytsen IV. Morfofunktsional’nye izmeneniya adenogipofiza, nadpochechnikov i podzheludochnoy zhelezy v usloviyakh adaptatsii k vysokogor’yu [Morphofunctional changes of adenohypophysis, adrenal glands and pancreas in the conditions of adaptation to high altitude]. Evraziyskiy soyuz uchyonykh. 2014;6-4:80-1.
  3. Berezhanskaya SB, Malinenko ZI. Sostoyanie shchitovidnoy zhelezy u detey rannego vozrasta, perenyosshikh tserebral’nuyu gipoksiyu-ishemiyu [State of the thyroid gland in young children who have undergone cerebral hypoxia-ischemia]. Rossiyskiy vestnik perinatologii i pediatrii. 2011;56(5):51-5.
  4. Gridin LA. Sovremennye predstavleniya o fiziologicheskikh i lechebno-profilakticheskikh effektakh deystviya gipoksii i giperkapnii [Modern ideas about physiological and therapeutic and prophylactic effects of hypoxia and hypercapnia]. Meditsina. 2016;4(3):45-68.
  5. Kulaeva VV, Bykov VL. Morfometricheskaya i gistokhimicheskaya kharakteristika shchitovidnoy zhelezy pri vozdeystvii peptidnogo morfogena gidry [Morphometric and histochemical characteristics of the thyroid gland under the influence of peptide morphogen Hydra]. Morfologiya. 2016;149(1):64-8.
  6. Rumyantseva TA, Krishtop VV, Lencher OS. Kachestvennaya morfofunktsional’naya kharakteristika shchitovidnoy zhelezy krys pri ostroy gipoksii golovnogo mozga v rannie sroki [Qualitative morphofunctional characteristics of the thyroid gland of rats in acute brain hypoxia in early terms]. Krymskiy zhurnal eksperimental’noy i klinicheskoy meditsiny. 2016;6(3):102-6.
  7. Slynko TN. Morfofunktsional’nye izmeneniya v nadpochechnikakh na pozdnie sroki posle mesyachnogo prebyvaniya v vysokogor’e Kyrgyzstana [Morphofunctional changes in the adrenal glands at a later date after a month’s stay in the highlands of Kyrgyzstan]. Evraziyskiy soyuz uchyonykh. 2016;32:15-9.
  8. Shabanov PD, Zarubina IV, Novikov VE, Tsygan VN. Metabolicheskie protektory gipoksii [Metabolic protectors of hypoxia]. Saint Petersburg, RF: Inform-Navigator; 2010. 912 p.
  9. Glennon E, Kaunzner UW, Gagnidze K, McEwen BS, Bulloch K. Pituitary dendritic cells communicate immune pathogenic signals. Brain, Behavior and Immunity. 2015;50:232-40.
  10. Hermans EJ, Henckens MJ, Joëls M, Fernández G. Dynamic adaptation of large-scale brain networks in response to acute stressors. Trends in Neurosciences. 2014;37(6):304-14.
  11. Hueston CM, Deak T. The inflamed axis: the interaction between stress, hormones, and the expression of inflammatory-related genes within key structures comprising the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Physiology & Behavior. 2014;124:77-91.
  12. Hwang GS, Chen CC, Chou JC, Chang LL, Kan SF, Lai WH, et al. Stimulatory effect of intermittent hypoxia on the production of corticosterone by zona fasciculata-reticularis cells in rats. Scientific Reports. 2017;7(1):9035.
  13. Lodin-Sundström A, Schagatay E. Spleen contraction during 20 min normobaric hypoxia and 2 min apnea in humans. Aviation, Space and Environmental Medicine. 2010;81(6):545-9.
  14. Myers DA, Ducsay CA. Adrenocortical and adipose responses to high-altitude-induced, long-term hypoxia in the ovine fetus. Journal of Pregnancy. 2012;2012:681306.
  15. Okur HK, Pelin Z, Yuksel M, Yosunkaya S. Lipid peroxidation and paraoxonase activity in nocturnal cyclic and sustained intermittent hypoxia. Sleep and Breathing. 2013;17(1):365-71.
  16. Pelin AM, Stefănescu V, Dobre M, Georgescu M. Thyroid structure abnormalities – a prognosis indicator in obese children. Annals of the University Dunarea de Jos of Galati: Fascicle II, Mathematics, Physics, Theoretical Mechanics. 2014;37:159-63.
  17. von Wolff M, Nakas CT, Tobler M, Merz TM, Hilty MP, Veldhuis JD, et al. Adrenal, thyroid and gonadal axes are affected at high altitude. Endocr Connect. 2018;7(10):1081-9.
  18. Lorente M, Mirapeix RM, Miguel M, Longmei W, Volk D, Cervós-Navarro J. Chronic hypoxia induced ultrastructural changes in the rat adrenal zona glomerulosa. Histol Histopathol. 2002;17:185-90.
  19. Mohri M, Set K, Nagase M, Tsunashima K, Jkawakami M. Changes in pituitary-adrenal function under continuous exposure to hypoxia in male rats. Exp Clin Endocrinol. 1983;81:65-70.
  20. Gosney JR. Adrenal corticomedullary hyperplasia in hypobaric hypoxia. J Pathol. 1985;146(1):59-64.
  21. Chipashvili NM. Changes of adrenal cortex structure in young rats under the single influence of hypobaric hypoxia. Georgian Med News. 2005;123:50-3.
  22. Davlatov IA, Gulov MK, Kurbonov S. Morfometricheskaya kharakteristika parametrov komponentov shchitovidnoy zhelezy pri diffuznom toksicheskom zobe [Morphometric parameters characteristic of the components of the thyroid gland at diffuse toxic goiter]. Vestnik Akademii meditsinskikh nauk Tadzhikistana. 2019;9(1):12-7.
  23. Slynko TN, Tynalieva BK, Zarechnova NN. Shchitovidnaya zheleza pri deystvii alkogolya posle mesyachnogo prebyvaniya v usloviyakh vysokogor’ya [Thyroid gland under the influence of alcohol after a month’s stay in the high altitudes]. Vestnik KRSU. 2017;17(7):194-7.

Authors' information:

Yagubova Samira Mammadhasan
Candidate of Medical Sciences, Associate Professor, Department of Pathological Anatomy, Azerbaijan Medical University
ORCID ID: 0000-0002-6794-7798
E-mail: syagubova.71@gmail.com

Information about support in the form of grants, equipment, medications

The author did not receive financial support from manufacturers of medicines and medical equipment

Conflicts of interest: No conflict

Address for correspondence:

Yagubova Samira Mammadhasan
Candidate of Medical Sciences, Associate Professor, Department of Pathological Anatomy, Azerbaijan Medical University

AZ1022, Azerbaijan, Baku, S.Vurgun street, 167, Nasimi

Tel.: +994 (502) 224104

E-mail: syagubova.71@gmail.com

Materials on the topic:
  1. MORPHOLOGICAL PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT AND PREVENTION OF EXPERIMENTAL EPIDURAL FIBROSIS

◄ Back to the list