LITERATURE REVIEW
Otorhinolaryngology
doi: 10.25005/2074-0581-2024-26-1-99-116
EPIDEMIOLOGY, ETIOPATHOGENESIS, AND HEMOSTASIS PROCEDURES IN RECURRENT EPISTAXIS

O. NEMATZODA1, Z.A. AKHROROVA2, D.D. SULTANOV3, I. UBAYDULLO2

1Republican Scientific Center for Cardiovascular Surgery, Dushanbe, Republic of Tajikistan
2Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Avicenna Tajik State Medical University, Republic of Tajikistan
3Department of Surgical Diseases № 2 named after Academician N.U. Usmanov, Avicenna Tajik State Medical University, Republic of Tajikistan

Objective: To examine the literature on epidemiology, etiology, and treatment strategies for recurrent nosebleeds (RNB, epistaxis)

Methods: Using information portals and platforms, including Elibrary.ru, PubMed, Web of Science, and Cochrane.org, we searched for specific keywords related to epistasis, including nosebleeds, recurrent nosebleeds, etiology, hemostasis methods, epistaxis, recurrent epistaxis, epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, treatment. We analyzed sixty-eight English and Russian scientific papers, excluding RNB articles on blood diseases, cancer, nasal injuries, and post-surgical interventions.

Results: The prevalence rate of RNB remains unknown, with studies focusing on single institutions or regions. Epistasis relapse rates range from 5.9% to 30.5%, varying by cause and treatment methods. Most cases involve anterior epistaxis (90%), while 12.4% to 34.8% experience more severe posterior bleeding. Factors like arterial hypertension (AH), anticoagulant use, and environmental factors contribute to RNB. Severe cases may require hospitalization (6% to 8.2%), with 10.7% facing a third relapse needing vessel ligation or embolization. Around 0.25% to 4.8% of RNB patients may succumb due to complications or excessive bleeding.

Conclusion: Research focused on understanding the reasons and procedures for treating RNB remains essential, as the condition can be life-threatening. Recurrence of epistaxis after different RNB treatments may require more extreme vessel-ligating surgeries. Therefore, improving treatment outcomes by adopting a personalized approach to selecting hemostasis methods and addressing the underlying causes of RNB is crucial.

Keywords: Recurrent epistaxis, etiology, pathogenesis, hemostasis methods, nasal tamponade.

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Authors' information:

Nematzoda Okildzhon
Candidate of Medical Sciences, Leading Researcher of the Republican Scientific Center for Cardiovascular Surgery
Researcher ID: F-8729-2018
Scopus ID: 56469644700
ORCID ID: 0000-0001-7602-7611
SPIN: 2408-9107
Author ID: 929575
E-mail: sadriev_o_n@mail.ru

Akhrorova Zarina Asrorovna
Candidate of Medical Sciences, Head of the Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Avicenna Tajik State Medical University
ORCID ID: 0000-0003-3790-0750
E-mail: zara_lor@mail.ru

Sultanov Dzhavli Davronovich
Doctor of Medical Sciences, Full Professor, Professor of the Department of Surgical Diseases № 2 named after Academician N.U. Usmanov, Avicenna Tajik State Medical University
Researcher ID: AAC-7784-2019
Scopus ID: 36922139600
ORCID ID: 0000-0001-7935-7763
SPIN: 9762-8395
Author ID: 445360
E-mail: sultanov57@mail.ru

Ismoili Ubaydullo
Postgraduate Student of the Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Avicenna Tajik State Medical University
ORCID ID: 0009-0006-5223-5954
E-mail: ismoili.ubayullo.94@mail.ru

Information about support in the form of grants, equipment, medications

The authors did not receive financial support from manufacturers of medicines and medical equipment

Conflicts of interest: No conflict

Address for correspondence:

Nematzoda Okildzhon
Candidate of Medical Sciences, Leading Researcher of the Republican Scientific Center for Cardiovascular Surgery

734003, Republic of Tajikistan, Dushanbe, Sanoi str., 33

Tel.: +992 (915) 250055

E-mail: sadriev_o_n@mail.ru

Materials on the topic:
  1. APPROACH OF TRANSNASAL ENDOSCOPIC TREATMENT OF ISOLATED SPHENOIDITIS
  2. ESTIMATION OF ENDOSCOPIC SYNUSOTHOMY EFFICIENCY IN CHRONIC RHINOSINUSITIS WITH NASAL POLYPS BASED ON DATA OF ENT CLINIC OF PUBLIC INSTITUTION «NATIONAL MEDICAL CENTER» OF THE REPUBLIC OF TAJIKISTAN

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